A layer 1 blockchain (often called an “L1” or “base blockchain”) is the foundational ledger that records transactions, enforces consensus rules, and secures the network.
Unlike secondary solutions (“layer 2” networks) that build on top of an L1 to improve speed or lower fees, layer 1 chains provide the core infrastructure for asset issuance, smart contracts, and validator security.
What Is a Layer 1 Blockchain?
At its core, a Layer 1 blockchain is a standalone network where every transaction is validated and recorded on its chain. Key responsibilities include:
Consensus: How nodes agree on the next block (proof of work, proof of stake, and other variations).
Security: Rules and incentives that prevent fraud or network attacks.
Data Availability: Storing transaction history so anyone can verify balances and contract state.
Layer 2 networks (such as rollups and sidechains) rely on Layer 1 for final settlement and dispute resolution. They process transactions off‑chain or in parallel, then batch results back to the base chain.
Layer 2 solutions enhance throughput or reduce user costs, but they cannot operate independently. Their security and finality rest on the underlying layer 1. The most well-known L1 blockchains are Bitcoin and Ethereum, providing a base for entire ecosystems of L2s that operate on these base blockchains.
Popular Layer 1 Examples
Bitcoin: The original proof‑of‑work chain, designed for peer‑to‑peer value transfer. Its robust security and worldwide node network make it the longest-established L1 blockchain, as well as the most popular.
Ethereum: A programmable chain enabling smart contracts and decentralized applications (dApps). After transitioning to proof-of-stake, it balances scalability upgrades with a mature developer ecosystem.
Cardano: A proof‑of‑stake L1 built on peer‑reviewed research. Its layered architecture separates transaction settlement from smart contract execution, emphasizing formal verification for reliability.
Solana: High-performance proof-of-history consensus delivers low-cost, high-speed transactions, catering to DeFi trading and NFT platforms.
Each of these base blockchains serves different needs: Bitcoin focuses on its role as an inflation-resistant store of value, Ethereum on programmable finance and smart contract functionality, Cardano provides a solid combination of smart contract functionality and a high level of decentralization, and Solana is focused on high transaction throughput and viability for fast-response decentralized apps.
What Makes a Good Layer 1?
Security and Decentralization
A strong base layer resists attacks by distributing consensus power among many independent validators or miners. Broad participation reduces single‑point failures.Scaling
Growing demand necessitates on-chain throughput and fee structures that adapt as usage increases. Native upgrades (such as sharding and parallel execution) and compatibility with Layer 2 add flexibility.Developer Ecosystem
Tools, documentation, and active communities encourage innovation. Rich SDKs, audited libraries, and clear standards reduce friction for new projects.Tokenonomics
Transparent token issuance schedules, fee structures, and staking rewards align everyone’s incentives. By controlling how and when new tokens enter circulation and rewarding participants for locking up tokens, the network limits inflation and helps maintain long‑term value.
Interoperability
Bridges and cross-chain protocols enable assets to move securely between chains, extending functionality beyond a single base blockchain.
Choosing the Right Base Layer to Build on
Select your base blockchain according to your primary requirements:
Simple value transfers: Opt for a network with proven security and a long track record of reliable, peer‑to‑peer fund movements.
Smart contracts and DeFi: Look for a chain with a mature developer ecosystem, robust tooling, and extensive support for programmable finance.
High‑throughput applications: Choose a platform designed for large transaction volumes and low latency, capable of processing thousands of operations per second.
For many use cases, combining an L1 with an L2 solution delivers both security and efficiency. Always evaluate security guarantees, developer support, and ongoing upgrade plans before committing to a base blockchain.
A solid layer 1 blockchain serves as the reliable foundation for any crypto project. By understanding each network’s consensus, performance, and community, you can choose the base layer that best aligns with your goals.